Transformation of the greenhouse gas {CO2} by molten electrolysis into a wide controlled selection of carbon nanotubes
By Ren, Jiawen; Johnson, Marcus; Singhal, Richa; Licht, Stuart
Published in Journal of {CO2} Utilization
2017
Abstract
Abstract This paper demonstrates a highly favored route for the synthesis of controlled nanostructures at high rate, high yield, and low cost by molten carbonate electrolysis splitting of CO2. We show the wide, portfolio of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that can be produced by controlling the electrolysis conditions in this one-pot synthesis. For example solid core carbon nanofibers are formed with C-13 isotope CO2, whereas hollow core {CNTs} are formed with natural abundance {CO2} (which contains 99% C-12 and 1% C-13). Shown are the first doped electrosynthesized carbon nanotubes, prepared with added electrolytic LiBO2 for boron doping, and salts for phosphorous, nitrogen or sulfur {CNT} doping is probed. Boron doping greatly enhances conductivity of the CNTs. Electrolytic CaCO3 produces thin-walled CNTs, while excess electrolytic oxide yields tangled CNTs. Addition of up to 50 mol% Na2CO3 to a Li2CO3 electrolyte, decreases electrolyte costs and improves conditions for intercalation in Na-ion {CNT} anodes. Addition of BaCO3 increases electrolyte density. Longer electrolysis time leads to proportionally wider diameter CNTs. Synthetic components (steel cathode, nickel anode and inorganic carbonate electrolyte) are available and inexpensive. Advantages include (1) production is limited only by the cost of electrons (electricity) providing a substantial cost reduction compared to conventional {CVD} and polymer spinning syntheses and (2) the only reactant consumed in the formation of the {CNTs} is CO2, transforming this greenhouse gas into a stable, valuable product and providing an economic incentive to the removal of anthropogenic {CO2} from flue gas or from the atmosphere.